The Analysis of Financial Position of Heineken, Carlsberg...

2012 2012 The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang | Do Thi Tra Mi | SAXION UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE Academy of International Finance and Accounting Education: Accountancy The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang (Leo) | St.No. 153452 | Do Thi Tra Mi (Kathy) | St.No. 154723 | Students: Mr Harm.Postma | Mr J.J Bodewes | Supervisors: Deventer, the Netherlands May 2012 * Prefatory Note Our dissertation is about the financial ratios analysis based on information from financial†¦show more content†¦We found that Heineken and Carlsberg had good performance over the period 2009 and 2011 even though there were some small decreased items. Particularly, we explored some problems in financial management of Saigon Beer Company such as the less efficiency in asset management: low inventory, short-term sale on credit; and the usage of financial leverage. In conclusion, Saigon Beer Company should enhance their asset management and increase debt to generate sale. Because, Saigon Beer Company intends to dominate the local market and have a position in the world market, they must overcome the problems and have a suitable strategy based on Heineken and Carlsberg to reach its targets. Table of Contents Prefatory Note Summary 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Problem description 1 1.3 Objective and relevance 2 1.4 Problem statement and research questions 3 1.5 Research approach 3 1.6 Thesis structure 4 2 Research methodology 5 2.1 Specification of the research process 5 2.2 Literature review methodology 5 2.3 Research method for other media 7 2.4 Data acquisition method 7 3 Literature Review 8 3.1 Short- term solvency or Liquidity ratios 8 3.2 Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios 9 3.3 Asset management, Turnover or Asset utilization ratios 10 3.4 Profitability ratios 11 3.5 Investor ratios 11Show MoreRelatedThe Analysis of Financial Position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company15727 Words   |  63 Pages2012 2012 The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang | Do Thi Tra Mi | SAXION UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE Academy of International Finance and Accounting Education: Accountancy The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang (Leo) | St.No. 153452 | Do Thi Tra Mi (Kathy) | St.No. 154723 | Students:

Wal Mart s Social Responsibility - 1987 Words

Anjali Moncrieffe Professor Rothman Business 537 8 September 2016 Wal-Mart’s Social Responsibility Wal-Mart is a business that started in 1962. They started out with just one store in Arkansas and they have grown to have more than 7,000 facilities throughout 13 different countries. Wal-Mart attends to over 176 million customers per year. Wal-Mart’s founder, Sam Walton, felt really strongly about customer satisfaction. He stressed customer satisfaction and hard work. He wanted the associates of Wal-Mart to stand by the ten-foot rule. The ten-foot rule was very different. It was something that was not stressed within other organizations, companies, and businesses. This rule stated that once and associate of Wal-Mart got within 10 feet of a customer that associate would have to look the customer in the eyes, acknowledge her or him and then finally ask if he or she needed help (Ferrell 315). Wal-Mart is the world s largest corporation. Even though they are the world s largest corporation they still get criticized by the public. They allow families to save by providing low prices. They apparently engage in unethical behaviors and misconducts in order to provide these low prices. In this research paper, I will discuss Wal-Mart’s social responsibility for their stakeholders. I will also discuss Milton Friedman and his statements on social responsibility. Lastly, I will discuss two other companies and talk about their reputation on being socially responsible toward theirShow MoreRelatedWal Mart s Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 Pages 3 Wal-Mart Way 4 Wal-Mart Corporate Social Responsibility 4-6 Buy American Program 7 Environmental Program 8 Wal-Mart Stake Holders Read MoreWal Mart s Social Responsibility And Consumer Purchasing Behaviors2664 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: In a fiercely competitive economy, good social reputations are companies’ biggest asset. Copious recent research established direct correlations between companies’ social responsibility and consumer purchasing behaviours. As consumers have more substitution options, it is easier to boycott unethical companies. In the recent decade, Wal-Mart has been entangled in a series of legal and ethical battle around the world. Hiring illegal immigrant worker , refusing to pay overtime fee , discriminatingRead MoreAnalysis Of Starbucks And Wal Mart Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesshould not come at the expense of people or the planet. Wal-Mart and Starbucks have been early adopters of the sustainability crusade and due to their contrasting approaches towards business have developed two very distinct sustainability models. 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Wal-Mart is a global organization and uses market research to understand the market environments before making marketing decisions. Introduction Wal-Mart operates over 6,100 stores worldwide, employs 1.8 million associates, and operates in 15 different countries (Annual Report, 2006, p. 12). Lee Scott, Chairman and CEO stated, Today, we find ourselves operating 2,285 international stores, buying products from 70 countries, and doing 20% of our business abroad. Wal-Mart s marketplaceRead MoreWal Mart : A Retail Conglomerate1271 Words   |  6 PagesWal-Mart: A Retail Conglomerate When Wal-Mart opened its doors in 1962, the Walton brothers had no clue on the magnitude the ‘one stop shop† chain would bring. For every company that is successful, there is a multitude of competitive strategies that are found at the core of their success. 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With the corporation’s growth rate and international recognition, the demand to employ millions of associates, to support its operation, and at a rapidly expanding rate. Because of this, there are potential issues that develop around its growth and reputation, that lead to legal situations. Author, Timothy Jordan on Workplace Fairness (2016) notes, â€Å"all too often, these headlines revolved around Wal-Mart’sRead MoreWal Marts Statement Of Ethics1716 Words   |  7 Pagesrespect property as well as the rights of the owner’s property (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). It is also the employee s responsibility to prohibit any misappropriation of company funds or proprietary information (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart’s Statement of Ethics has a specific section dedicated to protecting personal and business information. In the daily business of a Wal-Mart associated they may be exposed to personal and business information about other coworkers, customers, suppliers andRead MoreCompanys Corporate Social Responsibility Practices1665 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility practices (CSR). The companies with the best reputations will receive recognition from the public for their efforts and are on the right path of building a sustainable business for the future. A good reputation may include safe products and services, best workplace environment, financial performance, technology innovation, respectable leadership, socioeconomic justice, corporate governance and citizenship, and business ethics. Keywords: CSR, Microsoft, Wal-Mart. A Good

Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology Free Essays

string(148) " Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS \(D-AMPS\) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008\." A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2. 2 pounds (1 kg). From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12. million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2012, for the first time since 2009 mobile phone sales to end users is declining by 1. 7 percent to 1. 75 billion units which is dominated by Samsung for 385 million units (53. 5 percent is smartphones) and Apple for 130 million units of all smartphones. History The first mobile tel ephone calls were made from cars in 1946. Bell System’s Mobile Telephone Service was made on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Company’s car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).. John F. Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell’s team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren’t cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. Martin Cooper The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to a nickname â€Å"the brick†. The world’s first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Sever al countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands. In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Handheld mobile phone Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. [13] Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2. 5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1. 75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. John F. Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products and Cooper’s boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Analog cellular networks – 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone â€Å"cloning;† Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. You read "Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology" in category "Papers" Digital cellular networks – 2G In the 1990s, the ‘second generation’ mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U. S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 00 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world’s first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1. 8 MB memory card into the phone. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger â€Å"brick† phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages. G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland’s Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. M obile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Mobile broadband data – 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility: * the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. * protocols that would decrease connection establishment time. the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot. * the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as â€Å"dongles†, plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called â€Å"compact wireless router† such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn’t needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as â€Å"netbooks†. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook’s footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall. Native IP networks – 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. Evolution 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2. 5G or 2. 75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. . 5G (GPRS) 2. 5G (â€Å"second and a half generation†) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introdu ction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2. 5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153. kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2. 75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now ATT) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. Duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. An example of a duplex device is a telephone. The people at both ends of a telephone call can speak at the same time, the earphone can reproduce the speech of the other person as the microphone transmits the speech of the local person, because there is a two-way communication channel between them. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication â€Å"two-way street† between two connected parties or to provide a â€Å"reverse path† for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just â€Å"listen. † Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby monitors, wireless microphones, radio controlled models, surveillance cameras, and missile telemetry. How to cite Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology, Papers

Concept of Sexual Harassment-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How to Prevent Sexual Harassment in the Educational Institution. Answer: Introduction A literature review is the second chapter of a dissertation in which all the relevant and detailed literature regarding the topic would be cited and explained. It has been observed in the present scenario, that the term sexual harassment has become one of the burning issues globally which have manifested itself in different forms and images. The concept of sexual harassment is still unclear in some of the countries where people and especially women are being objectified by their male counterparts in the society (Reena, 2012). This component of the study would be delivering the concept of sexual harassment at the educational institutions and also the ways and policies of preventing such act of criminality. Thus, the following manner the aspects are being explained in order to deliver a complete understanding of the facts. Concept Of Sexual Harassment In the past few years, the concept of sexual harassment has been examined and explained in terms of the unwelcomed and unwanted behaviour of a person that has the potential of mentally and physically devastating the victim. In the educational institutions, the act of sexual harassment has increased in past several years and the students in those institutions often feel unsafe during their courses of education (Akhtar, March 2013). Thus, the instances regarding sexual harassment could be stated in the following manner. ? Unwanted indication and uncomfortable behaviour towards the targeted person ? The demand of intimation with someone in exchange for certain services in an educational programme. ? An authoritative behaviour by someone powerful to those who could be used to gain certain benefits. ? Most importantly, the act is a nonreciprocal relationship between consent and a not consent individual. In the context of an educational institutional scenario, there are often chances that an immense imbalance power works between the service delivered and the services users (Joseph, 2015). Many universities and schools in Australia are facing a difficulty in conducting their daily course of duties due to increasing incidents of sexual harassments. Therefore, the educational institutions like schools and universities must adopt certain protocols in order to prevent sexual harassments. Type of Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions The word sexual harassment itself could explain a bulk of images that are not expressed in front of the society very often. The act does not limit itself only to women, but to children and young adults as well. In order to evaluate the facets of the sexual harassment, several types of it could be explained (Gill, 2013). Within the educational institutions there are several threads of sources through which students or staff could experience sexual harassment, such as A teacher or professor asking for intimation with his or her students in exchange of grades in the final exams. A male head of the department harassing his female subordinate in terms of extending her contract with the institution. Male employees deliberately touching or hitting their female colleague with files or pens. The sexual harassments could also be performed by students as many instances have been observed in which female students intentionally tries to get intimate of faculty without their consent (Mohamed, 2015). Therefore, in the following part relevant and acute policies regarding the prevention of sexual harassment could be cited. Relevant Policies to Be Incorporated For Prevention of Sexual Harassment The main objective of the educational institutions is to reduce the rate of complaints and the numbers of incidents related to sexual harassment cases within the campuses. Thus, the policies could be stated as below. Develop a strong and flexible relationship between the principle and the students in order to detect the sources of any issues and such communication should be covered with the discrimination act 2010. Implementation of student support services which would be helping in detecting complaints regarding sexual harassments (Suyanto, 2015). The Australian constitutions must deliver the opportunity for education to boys and girls under equality act. Spreading awareness regarding sexual harassment policies within the organisations and other educational institutions. Involve the entire school community at the time of developing the sexual harassment policies which should easily be accessible to the teachers as well as students and other staff of the institutions. Hence, failure in the implementation process of the policies and procedure regarding sexual harassment could jeopardise the educational along with mental well being of the students and institution staff which may result in financial instability of the organisation (Gruber, 2015). Ways To Prevent Sexual Harassment In Educational Institutions In the contemporary educational institutes have indulged with the term sexual harassments and the Australian Human Right Commissions Survey has manifested that both national and international students are experiencing sexual harassment in their daily course of educational life (Mushoriwa, 2014). Therefore, the Australian educational institutes have announced to generate a ten point plan in regards to prevent sexual harassments at the university campuses and school premises as well. Thus, the ten point plan could be stated in the following manner. The development of an evident and respectful relationship between the university authority and university students as it has been realised that mostly, university students are being attacked with sexual harassments. Development and generation of specialist training in which the training sessions would be conducted by specialists and counsellors from Australian psychological society in order to deliver counselling and moral support to the victims and survivors of sexual assault. 24/7 services operated by the national rape and domestic violence support which would help the educational institutional student to cope with the challenges as well. The widened scope for students to access to the support of university staff in case of emergency (Strauss, 2012). New incorporation of training and development programmes for university staff and other authoritative leaders to prevent sexual harassment and handle the situation with efficiency and confidentiality. Equip other educational institutions along with schools to develop first person training instruments that could help the victim to survive the situation. Incorporation of new practice guidelines in order to enhance the ability of university staff to support the victim. New principles for fresh students and a complete induction of training programmes. A commitment towards the proposed policies and maintain respect toward the purpose. Continuous student feedbacks to acquire knowledge regarding the policy effectiveness (McNally, 2016). It is also suggested by the Australian Human Right Commissions Survey that the educational institutions should adopted more strict and in-depth policies in order to prevent sexual harassment in the campuses. Literature Gap In order to state the gap between the existing literature and the subject matter, it could be stated that the sources of literature lack in many aspects that were missing in the existing sources of information. The present literature manifests the concept of sexual harassment along with its types that are observed within the educational institutions. Therefore, it could be asserted that the present literature review could include a detailed explanation of the manner in which sexual harassment influences the mental state of a victim and how the education system is being affected in this regard. Through the incorporation of such thing the literature could appear more enriched and evident as well Methodology The third chapter is considered as the heart of the dissertation in which all the relevant and proposed methods and techniques are being cited. In this context of the study, the researcher intends to deliver the data accumulation and findings processes, while stating the relevant philosophy and research design. The discussion regarding the methods and techniques adopted by the researcher are important to be discussed as it would help in realizing relevant way of accumulating data and analyzing those data which also contribute in drawing acute implication in this regard. In the course of accomplishing the literature accumulation journals between 2012 and 2016 have been used and all are related to the topic of sexual harassment and prevention in the educational institutions (Babbie, 2016). Here, both the primary and secondary data would be involved in order to project more reliable and valid information about the ways of preventing sexual harassment. The purpose of collecting and analy sis both type of data is that through such mediums of data collection relevant, fresh at the same time reliable data would be gained and through this the research work would be enriched in an effective manner. Thus, the findings observed from the literature review part have a significant role as such information would instigate the scope for searching more in depth information related to the topic. The primary data will include quantitative and qualitative data collection in which through a set of questionnaire quantitative data would be accumulated and through open ended questions qualitative information could be acquired. The primary data could be accumulated from the students and staff from five selected renowned universities in Australia. On the other hand, the perspectives of the authorities and principle of those selected universities would be recorded in order to possess information how the institutions are practising policies against sexual harassment. Apart from this, in the case of secondary data, five selected journals related to the topic would be evaluated in order to gain valid and reliable information. Assembled data would be analysed through using statistical and numerical tools that include tables, pie chart and graphs (Jha, 2008). The question involved in the questionnaire would be related to the incidents of sexual harassments in the institution campuses and how the universities are practising prevention act of sexual harassments. The question that would ask to the university authorities would be related to the institutional strategies and policies for preventing sexual assault on the campus. Most importantly, the qualitative questions will be developed in accordance with the Likert scale and provide with multiple choices for better results. The sample size would be 120 students university staff and 5 university authorities would be chosen for qualitative questions. In this regard both types of data collection would be appropriate in relation to the research topic as reliability is evident through more in depth analysis of the facts. Hence, the advantage of qualitative data is that the researcher would be able to assemble fresh and practical data which are recorded from the perspectives and opinion of students and university staff. On the other hand, the disadvantages in this regard could be realized in terms of difficulty in completing the data collection process and convincing the respondents. In case of the qualitative data, it is also almost same as the previous one. The benefits of such data are that it provides in-depth analysis of the situation from the industrial perspectives. The interview questions, in case of quantitative data collection would be provided to the respondents and developed in the structure multiple choice questions. On the other hand, the qualitative questions would be asked to the respondents in terms of face to face interview which would be recorded in a tape recorder and transcribed into documented format for future recommendations. Sampling is one of most important elements in the context of research methodology which helps in determining the sources of primary data. Here, several types of sampling could be identified such as probability sampling, non probability sampling, systematic sampling, and random sampling and so on. In the context of this specific study the researcher has adopted random sampling method for conducting primary data collection process. In the course of accumulating both the data, the researcher had faced few difficulties such as convincing the respondents for the data collection survey as they were afraid of the confidentiality. On the other hand, in case of secondary research, it was difficult to assemble empirical sources between 2012 and 2016 (Babbie, 2016). Along with this, the researcher had faced difficulties in financial resources as it is conducted by mere student instead of any professional researcher. Moreover, another difficulty is the time constraint which is able to influence the quality of the work as well. But the researcher must maintain ethics during collecting data such as, informing the participants regarding the purpose of the survey and allowing them to participate as per their will. Along with that delivering assurance of confidentiality and maintenance of personal feelings are also important in this regard. Nevertheless, the questions prepared by the author should not hurt any ones feeling and it should also be ensured that the accumulated data and the identifications of the participants would be destroyed under strict supervision after the completion of the research work (Jha, 2008). Instead of the difficulties and issues the researcher has manifested the relative facts in an efficient manner and the work could be assumed to be a great piece of information for future references. Therefore, with the mentioned methods the researchers would be able to generate an effective piece of research study. Bibliography Akhtar, C. (March 2013). Sexual harassment at workplace and in educational institutions: A case study of District Srinagar, Kashmir. International NGO Journal Vol. 8(3), , pp. 54-60,. Babbie, E. R. (2016). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Gill, R. (2013). Experiences and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Forces Combat Arms. 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