The Analysis of Financial Position of Heineken, Carlsberg...

2012 2012 The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang | Do Thi Tra Mi | SAXION UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE Academy of International Finance and Accounting Education: Accountancy The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang (Leo) | St.No. 153452 | Do Thi Tra Mi (Kathy) | St.No. 154723 | Students: Mr Harm.Postma | Mr J.J Bodewes | Supervisors: Deventer, the Netherlands May 2012 * Prefatory Note Our dissertation is about the financial ratios analysis based on information from financial†¦show more content†¦We found that Heineken and Carlsberg had good performance over the period 2009 and 2011 even though there were some small decreased items. Particularly, we explored some problems in financial management of Saigon Beer Company such as the less efficiency in asset management: low inventory, short-term sale on credit; and the usage of financial leverage. In conclusion, Saigon Beer Company should enhance their asset management and increase debt to generate sale. Because, Saigon Beer Company intends to dominate the local market and have a position in the world market, they must overcome the problems and have a suitable strategy based on Heineken and Carlsberg to reach its targets. Table of Contents Prefatory Note Summary 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Problem description 1 1.3 Objective and relevance 2 1.4 Problem statement and research questions 3 1.5 Research approach 3 1.6 Thesis structure 4 2 Research methodology 5 2.1 Specification of the research process 5 2.2 Literature review methodology 5 2.3 Research method for other media 7 2.4 Data acquisition method 7 3 Literature Review 8 3.1 Short- term solvency or Liquidity ratios 8 3.2 Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios 9 3.3 Asset management, Turnover or Asset utilization ratios 10 3.4 Profitability ratios 11 3.5 Investor ratios 11Show MoreRelatedThe Analysis of Financial Position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company15727 Words   |  63 Pages2012 2012 The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang | Do Thi Tra Mi | SAXION UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE Academy of International Finance and Accounting Education: Accountancy The analysis of financial position of Heineken, Carlsberg and Saigon Beer Company Le Dinh Quang (Leo) | St.No. 153452 | Do Thi Tra Mi (Kathy) | St.No. 154723 | Students:

Wal Mart s Social Responsibility - 1987 Words

Anjali Moncrieffe Professor Rothman Business 537 8 September 2016 Wal-Mart’s Social Responsibility Wal-Mart is a business that started in 1962. They started out with just one store in Arkansas and they have grown to have more than 7,000 facilities throughout 13 different countries. Wal-Mart attends to over 176 million customers per year. Wal-Mart’s founder, Sam Walton, felt really strongly about customer satisfaction. He stressed customer satisfaction and hard work. He wanted the associates of Wal-Mart to stand by the ten-foot rule. The ten-foot rule was very different. It was something that was not stressed within other organizations, companies, and businesses. This rule stated that once and associate of Wal-Mart got within 10 feet of a customer that associate would have to look the customer in the eyes, acknowledge her or him and then finally ask if he or she needed help (Ferrell 315). Wal-Mart is the world s largest corporation. Even though they are the world s largest corporation they still get criticized by the public. They allow families to save by providing low prices. They apparently engage in unethical behaviors and misconducts in order to provide these low prices. In this research paper, I will discuss Wal-Mart’s social responsibility for their stakeholders. I will also discuss Milton Friedman and his statements on social responsibility. Lastly, I will discuss two other companies and talk about their reputation on being socially responsible toward theirShow MoreRelatedWal Mart s Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 Pages 3 Wal-Mart Way 4 Wal-Mart Corporate Social Responsibility 4-6 Buy American Program 7 Environmental Program 8 Wal-Mart Stake Holders Read MoreWal Mart s Social Responsibility And Consumer Purchasing Behaviors2664 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: In a fiercely competitive economy, good social reputations are companies’ biggest asset. Copious recent research established direct correlations between companies’ social responsibility and consumer purchasing behaviours. As consumers have more substitution options, it is easier to boycott unethical companies. In the recent decade, Wal-Mart has been entangled in a series of legal and ethical battle around the world. Hiring illegal immigrant worker , refusing to pay overtime fee , discriminatingRead MoreAnalysis Of Starbucks And Wal Mart Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesshould not come at the expense of people or the planet. Wal-Mart and Starbucks have been early adopters of the sustainability crusade and due to their contrasting approaches towards business have developed two very distinct sustainability models. 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Wal-Mart is a global organization and uses market research to understand the market environments before making marketing decisions. Introduction Wal-Mart operates over 6,100 stores worldwide, employs 1.8 million associates, and operates in 15 different countries (Annual Report, 2006, p. 12). Lee Scott, Chairman and CEO stated, Today, we find ourselves operating 2,285 international stores, buying products from 70 countries, and doing 20% of our business abroad. Wal-Mart s marketplaceRead MoreWal Mart : A Retail Conglomerate1271 Words   |  6 PagesWal-Mart: A Retail Conglomerate When Wal-Mart opened its doors in 1962, the Walton brothers had no clue on the magnitude the ‘one stop shop† chain would bring. For every company that is successful, there is a multitude of competitive strategies that are found at the core of their success. 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With the corporation’s growth rate and international recognition, the demand to employ millions of associates, to support its operation, and at a rapidly expanding rate. Because of this, there are potential issues that develop around its growth and reputation, that lead to legal situations. Author, Timothy Jordan on Workplace Fairness (2016) notes, â€Å"all too often, these headlines revolved around Wal-Mart’sRead MoreWal Marts Statement Of Ethics1716 Words   |  7 Pagesrespect property as well as the rights of the owner’s property (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). It is also the employee s responsibility to prohibit any misappropriation of company funds or proprietary information (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart’s Statement of Ethics has a specific section dedicated to protecting personal and business information. In the daily business of a Wal-Mart associated they may be exposed to personal and business information about other coworkers, customers, suppliers andRead MoreCompanys Corporate Social Responsibility Practices1665 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility practices (CSR). The companies with the best reputations will receive recognition from the public for their efforts and are on the right path of building a sustainable business for the future. A good reputation may include safe products and services, best workplace environment, financial performance, technology innovation, respectable leadership, socioeconomic justice, corporate governance and citizenship, and business ethics. Keywords: CSR, Microsoft, Wal-Mart. A Good

Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology Free Essays

string(148) " Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS \(D-AMPS\) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008\." A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2. 2 pounds (1 kg). From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12. million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2012, for the first time since 2009 mobile phone sales to end users is declining by 1. 7 percent to 1. 75 billion units which is dominated by Samsung for 385 million units (53. 5 percent is smartphones) and Apple for 130 million units of all smartphones. History The first mobile tel ephone calls were made from cars in 1946. Bell System’s Mobile Telephone Service was made on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Company’s car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).. John F. Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell’s team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren’t cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. Martin Cooper The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to a nickname â€Å"the brick†. The world’s first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Sever al countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands. In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Handheld mobile phone Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. [13] Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2. 5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1. 75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. John F. Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products and Cooper’s boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Analog cellular networks – 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone â€Å"cloning;† Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. You read "Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology" in category "Papers" Digital cellular networks – 2G In the 1990s, the ‘second generation’ mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U. S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 00 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world’s first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1. 8 MB memory card into the phone. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger â€Å"brick† phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages. G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland’s Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. M obile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Mobile broadband data – 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility: * the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. * protocols that would decrease connection establishment time. the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot. * the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as â€Å"dongles†, plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called â€Å"compact wireless router† such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn’t needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as â€Å"netbooks†. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook’s footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall. Native IP networks – 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. Evolution 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2. 5G or 2. 75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. . 5G (GPRS) 2. 5G (â€Å"second and a half generation†) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introdu ction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2. 5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153. kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2. 75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now ATT) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. Duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. An example of a duplex device is a telephone. The people at both ends of a telephone call can speak at the same time, the earphone can reproduce the speech of the other person as the microphone transmits the speech of the local person, because there is a two-way communication channel between them. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication â€Å"two-way street† between two connected parties or to provide a â€Å"reverse path† for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just â€Å"listen. † Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby monitors, wireless microphones, radio controlled models, surveillance cameras, and missile telemetry. How to cite Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology, Papers

Concept of Sexual Harassment-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How to Prevent Sexual Harassment in the Educational Institution. Answer: Introduction A literature review is the second chapter of a dissertation in which all the relevant and detailed literature regarding the topic would be cited and explained. It has been observed in the present scenario, that the term sexual harassment has become one of the burning issues globally which have manifested itself in different forms and images. The concept of sexual harassment is still unclear in some of the countries where people and especially women are being objectified by their male counterparts in the society (Reena, 2012). This component of the study would be delivering the concept of sexual harassment at the educational institutions and also the ways and policies of preventing such act of criminality. Thus, the following manner the aspects are being explained in order to deliver a complete understanding of the facts. Concept Of Sexual Harassment In the past few years, the concept of sexual harassment has been examined and explained in terms of the unwelcomed and unwanted behaviour of a person that has the potential of mentally and physically devastating the victim. In the educational institutions, the act of sexual harassment has increased in past several years and the students in those institutions often feel unsafe during their courses of education (Akhtar, March 2013). Thus, the instances regarding sexual harassment could be stated in the following manner. ? Unwanted indication and uncomfortable behaviour towards the targeted person ? The demand of intimation with someone in exchange for certain services in an educational programme. ? An authoritative behaviour by someone powerful to those who could be used to gain certain benefits. ? Most importantly, the act is a nonreciprocal relationship between consent and a not consent individual. In the context of an educational institutional scenario, there are often chances that an immense imbalance power works between the service delivered and the services users (Joseph, 2015). Many universities and schools in Australia are facing a difficulty in conducting their daily course of duties due to increasing incidents of sexual harassments. Therefore, the educational institutions like schools and universities must adopt certain protocols in order to prevent sexual harassments. Type of Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions The word sexual harassment itself could explain a bulk of images that are not expressed in front of the society very often. The act does not limit itself only to women, but to children and young adults as well. In order to evaluate the facets of the sexual harassment, several types of it could be explained (Gill, 2013). Within the educational institutions there are several threads of sources through which students or staff could experience sexual harassment, such as A teacher or professor asking for intimation with his or her students in exchange of grades in the final exams. A male head of the department harassing his female subordinate in terms of extending her contract with the institution. Male employees deliberately touching or hitting their female colleague with files or pens. The sexual harassments could also be performed by students as many instances have been observed in which female students intentionally tries to get intimate of faculty without their consent (Mohamed, 2015). Therefore, in the following part relevant and acute policies regarding the prevention of sexual harassment could be cited. Relevant Policies to Be Incorporated For Prevention of Sexual Harassment The main objective of the educational institutions is to reduce the rate of complaints and the numbers of incidents related to sexual harassment cases within the campuses. Thus, the policies could be stated as below. Develop a strong and flexible relationship between the principle and the students in order to detect the sources of any issues and such communication should be covered with the discrimination act 2010. Implementation of student support services which would be helping in detecting complaints regarding sexual harassments (Suyanto, 2015). The Australian constitutions must deliver the opportunity for education to boys and girls under equality act. Spreading awareness regarding sexual harassment policies within the organisations and other educational institutions. Involve the entire school community at the time of developing the sexual harassment policies which should easily be accessible to the teachers as well as students and other staff of the institutions. Hence, failure in the implementation process of the policies and procedure regarding sexual harassment could jeopardise the educational along with mental well being of the students and institution staff which may result in financial instability of the organisation (Gruber, 2015). Ways To Prevent Sexual Harassment In Educational Institutions In the contemporary educational institutes have indulged with the term sexual harassments and the Australian Human Right Commissions Survey has manifested that both national and international students are experiencing sexual harassment in their daily course of educational life (Mushoriwa, 2014). Therefore, the Australian educational institutes have announced to generate a ten point plan in regards to prevent sexual harassments at the university campuses and school premises as well. Thus, the ten point plan could be stated in the following manner. The development of an evident and respectful relationship between the university authority and university students as it has been realised that mostly, university students are being attacked with sexual harassments. Development and generation of specialist training in which the training sessions would be conducted by specialists and counsellors from Australian psychological society in order to deliver counselling and moral support to the victims and survivors of sexual assault. 24/7 services operated by the national rape and domestic violence support which would help the educational institutional student to cope with the challenges as well. The widened scope for students to access to the support of university staff in case of emergency (Strauss, 2012). New incorporation of training and development programmes for university staff and other authoritative leaders to prevent sexual harassment and handle the situation with efficiency and confidentiality. Equip other educational institutions along with schools to develop first person training instruments that could help the victim to survive the situation. Incorporation of new practice guidelines in order to enhance the ability of university staff to support the victim. New principles for fresh students and a complete induction of training programmes. A commitment towards the proposed policies and maintain respect toward the purpose. Continuous student feedbacks to acquire knowledge regarding the policy effectiveness (McNally, 2016). It is also suggested by the Australian Human Right Commissions Survey that the educational institutions should adopted more strict and in-depth policies in order to prevent sexual harassment in the campuses. Literature Gap In order to state the gap between the existing literature and the subject matter, it could be stated that the sources of literature lack in many aspects that were missing in the existing sources of information. The present literature manifests the concept of sexual harassment along with its types that are observed within the educational institutions. Therefore, it could be asserted that the present literature review could include a detailed explanation of the manner in which sexual harassment influences the mental state of a victim and how the education system is being affected in this regard. Through the incorporation of such thing the literature could appear more enriched and evident as well Methodology The third chapter is considered as the heart of the dissertation in which all the relevant and proposed methods and techniques are being cited. In this context of the study, the researcher intends to deliver the data accumulation and findings processes, while stating the relevant philosophy and research design. The discussion regarding the methods and techniques adopted by the researcher are important to be discussed as it would help in realizing relevant way of accumulating data and analyzing those data which also contribute in drawing acute implication in this regard. In the course of accomplishing the literature accumulation journals between 2012 and 2016 have been used and all are related to the topic of sexual harassment and prevention in the educational institutions (Babbie, 2016). Here, both the primary and secondary data would be involved in order to project more reliable and valid information about the ways of preventing sexual harassment. The purpose of collecting and analy sis both type of data is that through such mediums of data collection relevant, fresh at the same time reliable data would be gained and through this the research work would be enriched in an effective manner. Thus, the findings observed from the literature review part have a significant role as such information would instigate the scope for searching more in depth information related to the topic. The primary data will include quantitative and qualitative data collection in which through a set of questionnaire quantitative data would be accumulated and through open ended questions qualitative information could be acquired. The primary data could be accumulated from the students and staff from five selected renowned universities in Australia. On the other hand, the perspectives of the authorities and principle of those selected universities would be recorded in order to possess information how the institutions are practising policies against sexual harassment. Apart from this, in the case of secondary data, five selected journals related to the topic would be evaluated in order to gain valid and reliable information. Assembled data would be analysed through using statistical and numerical tools that include tables, pie chart and graphs (Jha, 2008). The question involved in the questionnaire would be related to the incidents of sexual harassments in the institution campuses and how the universities are practising prevention act of sexual harassments. The question that would ask to the university authorities would be related to the institutional strategies and policies for preventing sexual assault on the campus. Most importantly, the qualitative questions will be developed in accordance with the Likert scale and provide with multiple choices for better results. The sample size would be 120 students university staff and 5 university authorities would be chosen for qualitative questions. In this regard both types of data collection would be appropriate in relation to the research topic as reliability is evident through more in depth analysis of the facts. Hence, the advantage of qualitative data is that the researcher would be able to assemble fresh and practical data which are recorded from the perspectives and opinion of students and university staff. On the other hand, the disadvantages in this regard could be realized in terms of difficulty in completing the data collection process and convincing the respondents. In case of the qualitative data, it is also almost same as the previous one. The benefits of such data are that it provides in-depth analysis of the situation from the industrial perspectives. The interview questions, in case of quantitative data collection would be provided to the respondents and developed in the structure multiple choice questions. On the other hand, the qualitative questions would be asked to the respondents in terms of face to face interview which would be recorded in a tape recorder and transcribed into documented format for future recommendations. Sampling is one of most important elements in the context of research methodology which helps in determining the sources of primary data. Here, several types of sampling could be identified such as probability sampling, non probability sampling, systematic sampling, and random sampling and so on. In the context of this specific study the researcher has adopted random sampling method for conducting primary data collection process. In the course of accumulating both the data, the researcher had faced few difficulties such as convincing the respondents for the data collection survey as they were afraid of the confidentiality. On the other hand, in case of secondary research, it was difficult to assemble empirical sources between 2012 and 2016 (Babbie, 2016). Along with this, the researcher had faced difficulties in financial resources as it is conducted by mere student instead of any professional researcher. Moreover, another difficulty is the time constraint which is able to influence the quality of the work as well. But the researcher must maintain ethics during collecting data such as, informing the participants regarding the purpose of the survey and allowing them to participate as per their will. Along with that delivering assurance of confidentiality and maintenance of personal feelings are also important in this regard. Nevertheless, the questions prepared by the author should not hurt any ones feeling and it should also be ensured that the accumulated data and the identifications of the participants would be destroyed under strict supervision after the completion of the research work (Jha, 2008). Instead of the difficulties and issues the researcher has manifested the relative facts in an efficient manner and the work could be assumed to be a great piece of information for future references. Therefore, with the mentioned methods the researchers would be able to generate an effective piece of research study. Bibliography Akhtar, C. (March 2013). Sexual harassment at workplace and in educational institutions: A case study of District Srinagar, Kashmir. International NGO Journal Vol. 8(3), , pp. 54-60,. Babbie, E. R. (2016). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Gill, R. (2013). Experiences and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Forces Combat Arms. Violence Against Women , 269-287. Gruber, J. (2015). Sexual Harassment, Bullying, and School Outcomes for High School Girls and Boys. Violence Against Women , 112-133. Jha, N. K. (2008). Research methodology. Chandigarh [India]: Abhishek Publications. Joseph, J. (2015). Sexual Harassment in Tertiary Institutions:A Comparative Perspective. Ostale teme , 3-18. McNally, S. (2016). Sexual harassment and bullying in UK surgery: no room for complacency. BMJ , i4682. Mohamed, A. A. (2015). Sexual Harassment in Malaysian Educational Institutions: Causes and Solutions. IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences , 17. Mushoriwa, T. (2014). Should Peer-Generated Sexual Harassment be Called Sexual Harassment? Views of High School Students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences . Reena, M. (2012). Sexual Harassment against Women at Educational Institutions . International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) , 1-4. Strauss, S. (2012). Sexual harassment and bullying. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Suyanto, B. (2015). No Save Place for Girls: Study on Sexual Harassments and Violence Against Girls in Indonesia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal .

Biology - Genetics The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Introduction Cystic Fibro

Biology - Genetics The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2,500 people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.1 Since so many people are affected by this disease, it's no wonder that CF was the first human genetic disease to be cloned by geneticists. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered while at the same time, discussing the protein defect in the CF gene, the bio-chemical defect associated with CF, and possible treatments of the disease. Finding the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: The classical genetic approach to finding the gene that is responsible f or causing a genetic disease has been to first characterize the bio-chemical defect within the gene, then to identify the mutated protein in the gene of interest, and finally to locate the actual gene. However, this classical approach proved to be impractical when searching for the CF gene. To find the gene responsible for CF, the principle of "reverse genetics" was applied. Scientists accomplished this by linking the disease to a specific chromosome. After this linkage, they isolated the gene of interest on the chromosome and then tested its product.2 Before the disease could be linked to a specific chromosome, a marker needed to be found that would always travel with the disease. This marker is known as a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP for short. RFLP's are varying base sequences of DNA in different individuals which are known to travel with genetic disorders.3 The RFLP for cystic fibrosis was discovered through the techniques of Somatic Cell Hybridization a nd through Southern Blot Electrophoresis (gel separation of DNA). By using these techniques, three RFLP's were discovered for CF; Doc RI, J3.11, and Met. Utilizing in situ hybridization, scientists discovered the CF gene to be located on the long arm of chromosome number seven. Soon after identifying these markers, another marker was discovered that segregated more frequently with CF than the other markers. This meant the new marker was closer to the CF gene. At this time, two scientists named Lap-Chu Tsui and Francis Collins were able to isolate probes from the CF interval. They were now able to utilize to powerful technique of chromosome jumping to speed up the time required to isolate the CF gene much faster than if they were to use conventional genetic techniques.3 In order to determine the exact location of the CF gene, probes were taken from the nucleotide sequence obtained from chromosome jumping. To get these probes, DNA from a horse, a cow, a chicken, and a mouse were s eparated using Southern Blot electrophoresis. Four probes were found to bind to all of the vertebrate's DNA. This meant that the base pairs within the probes discovered contained important information, possibly even the gene. Two of the four probes were ruled out as possibilities because they did not contain open reading frames which are segments of DNA that produce the mRNA responsible for genes. The Northern Blot electrophoresis technique was then used to distinguish between the two probes still remaining in order to find out which one actually contained the CF gene. This could be accomplished because Northern Blot electrophoresis utilizes RNA instead of DNA. The RNA of cell types affected with CF, along with the RNA of unaffected cell types were placed on a gel. Probe number two bound to the RNA of affected cell types in the pancreas, colon, and nose, but did not bind to the RNA from non-affected cell types like those of the brain and heart. Probe number one did not bind ex clusively to cell types from CF affected areas like probe number two did. From this evidence, it was determined that probe number two contained the CF gene. While isolating the CF gene and screening the genetic library made from mRNA (cDNA library), it was discovered

The English Proficiency Program Essays

The English Proficiency Program Essays The English Proficiency Program Essay The English Proficiency Program Essay SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION Established in 1932, Shree Barbhaya Orphanage is an establishment that has been supplying aid to immature misss from Gujarati Hindu households that are either orphans or whose parents are helpless owing to societal or economic grounds to take attention of their kids. Since its constitution, one of our foremost aims has been to supply quality and holistic instruction for our kids. This twelvemonth, we plan to present an English Proficiency Program at Barbhaya, from July 2014 to March 2015 for the benefit of our misss, who are enrolled in two Gujarati medium schools in the locality. From our experience so far, the English being taught at the school degree has been unequal so far in fixing them for a mostly English talking puting one time they are out of school. The misss have the possible but need intensive coaching and exposure to the English linguistic communication. Hence a dedicated English proficiency programme is a must for them. In fact it is now an pressing demand as Science is now taught in English in the school where most of our kids are larning. For the above mentioned plan we will necessitate a amount of Rs. 75,000 and your aid for the plan at this point of clip is truly really valuable. Our purpose is to guarantee that our kids at Barbhaya have an easy entree to larning the English linguistic communication and therefore supply them a vocational accomplishment that will ever come ready to hand to them. We are really enthusiastic about the plan and look frontward to your support. Thank you for your consideration. Yours unfeignedly, Contact Person, Lydia Thomas Contact No. : +91 12345 12345 Electronic mail: lydia.thomas2013 @ tiss.edu Enclosure *Program Proposal Table OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Statement of Need Undertaking Aims Plan of execution Undertaking Activities and Outcomes Evaluation Organization Description Program Budget Executive Summary The English Proficiency Program for the kids at Barbhaya will be an attempt to expose them more than they already have been to the English linguistic communication, through the Activity Based Learning ( ABL ) attack. Following a baseline appraisal that was conducted to measure the girls’ clasp on the English linguistic communication, the demand for conveying about something a plan of this kind came up. The consequences that came about from the appraisal pointed out that there is an pressing demand for intercession, as they will otherwise battle subsequently on, when they have left the confines of a Gujarati medium school puting that they are in soon. The kids who live in the orphanhood are all from Gujarati households. This is because the orphanhood was set up harmonizing to the wants of Shri Muljibhai Barbhaya, as mentioned in his will ; and one of his demands were that all misss who were to be taken in should be Gujarati. The ground why the kids go to Gujarati medium schools is because they hail from unstable backgrounds, most of them being from Gujarat. Switching to a new course of study in English when they move to the orphanhood freshly is a hard stage, and is one of the grounds why the orphanhood continues to direct kids to Gujarati medium schools. The demand for a such a plan is necessary in such fortunes, where they have no entree to acquisition and utilizing English apart from school, which has been unsatisfactory so far. The coordinator of the Proficiency Program in English is Mrs. Vibhuti Desai, former Principal at M. M. M. Girls High School, which is one of the schools in which the misss are analyzing in at nowadays. The plan will be for a period of 10 months, i.e. , during the academic twelvemonth itself, from the month of July 2014 to March 2015. The entire cost of the plan will come up to Rs. 75,000. STATEMENT OF NEED Of the 29 misss populating with us at nowadays in Barbhaya, the 27 school traveling kids are enrolled in Gujarati medium schools. They converse largely in Gujarati and Marathi with each other and the house female parents severally. Their accomplishments in English speech production and composing are truly deficient, in malice of holding been taught English linguistic communication boulder clay 8Thursdaycriterion, after which even their topics are taught to them in English medium. On detecting this, we decided to carry on a baseline appraisal to estimate the children’s ability and clasp over the English linguistic communication. The appraisal was conducted for each kid at in the undermentioned countries: Listening Comprehension/Understanding ( vocabulary ; instructions ) Talking Reading Writing The consequences that followed are inexorable and inquire for pressing intercession. The misss have the possible but need intensive coaching and exposure to the English linguistic communication, as they do non hold sufficient exposure in school. Besides, being a Gujarati orphanhood, about all interactions with people from outside apart from their school couples are from givers and the legal guardians, most of who are Gujarati. The misss come from lesser privileged backgrounds, where English speech production is a rareness. In the yesteryear, misss who have passed out from Barbhaya after 10Thursdaycriterion have found it difficult get bying with English in their higher instruction every bit good as when it came to occupation chances. The English linguistic communication will come to their assistance in about everything they need as they grow up, wishing to prosecute peculiar classs and occupations thenceforth. Learning with each other, when most of them are at the same degree, will be easier for them every bit good as the voluntary instructors to travel frontward with the course of study. Hence, the demand for a plan dedicated to English proficiency is something that is traveling to be of aid to them non merely now but in the longer run, fiting them for when they have to go forth and stand on their ain two pess. The attack we will be doing usage of is the Activity Based Learning ( ABL ) attack which is both effectual every bit good as prosecuting in nature, necessary in order to prolong the children’s involvement in larning a linguistic communication they don’t seem to see the importance of. The attack is centered toward the scholar and is synergistic. Undertaking OBJECTIVES The aims of this plan are as follows: To develop a general proficiency in the English linguistic communication among all the misss. To make an environment within Barbhaya that will be contributing for larning English and doing usage of it. To supply single attending to each miss in the acquisition procedure. To assist the misss cope with their English medium surveies at school. To do the acquisition of the English linguistic communication an gratifying experience that would ensue in increased assurance degrees among the misss. To utilize the successful experience of the 3-week pilot summer undertaking conducted in April-May 2013 to carry on the current plan. Plan OF IMPLEMENTATION The plan will be coordinated by Mrs. Vibhuti Desai, who is a retired principal of M.M.M. Girls High School, one of the schools in which the misss are enrolled. Mrs. Desai already is a voluntary instructor at Barbhaya, and will go on the same, along with organizing the English Proficiency Program. Mrs. Desai will be assisted by voluntaries. The kids will be divided into batches, based on age-wise interruption up. Those in category 4 and below will organize one group, kids in categories 5 to those in category 8, and the last group will be those in category 9 and supra. The Program will be 10 months long, get downing in July 2014 and stoping in March 2015, co-occuring more or less with the children’s academic twelvemonth in school. We have done a baseline appraisal of all the kids and we will be holding on-going appraisal of each miss utilizing the baseline appraisal as the starting point. Undertaking ACTIVITIES AND OUTCOMES The misss are divided into three groups, based on their ages. Group 1 is comprised of misss in category 4 and below. Children in between categories 5 to 8 will organize Group 2, and the Group 3 will be those in category 9 and supra. Group 1 6 misss Group 2 13 misss Group 3 10 misss The English Proficiency Program is a planned plan which will be integrated into the children’s school category work and will take in history their demands. This procedure of acquisition will be done through a signifier of active intervening and feedback on a regular basis from the teacher’s portion. Some of the schemes that will be employed in the instruction procedure are: Stressing on accomplishments of hearing, observation, imitation and sharing. Supply the kids with chances to derive competency in English while at the same clip non ignoring or flinging their female parent lingua Gujarati. To avoid continual rectification of the children’s linguistic communication but give them infinite to turn into their comfort zone. Make usage of Gujarati as and when needed in order to ease better understanding what is seeking to be taught. One twenty-four hours of the hebdomad in the orphanhood will be aimed toward talking merely English, and consequently other two yearss will hold merely Gujarati and Marathi speech production yearss. This is already being practiced in the orphanhood and has helped the kids. Children will be given entree to both spoken every bit good as written text therefore working toward bettering non merely phonic accomplishments but their authorship accomplishments every bit good. Small groups and activities will on a regular basis be conducted which will let the kids a non-threatening environment and chance to pattern a new linguistic communication. Activities will be planned on a regular footing, to reenforce new things being taught. More than measure of what is being taught, more focal point will be on quality, on supplying clip and chance to do usage of what is being taught. Mrs. Desai every bit good as her group of 4 voluntaries have developed a wide course of study which they will follow, maintaining in head the above mentioned arrows. Results of the plan will be looked at through the undermentioned four skills- speaking, listening, reading and composing. Talking and listening- This will cover the ability to pass on with their equals every bit good as grownups in every twenty-four hours informal contexts. This will be through basic interaction in the schoolroom, brief presentations which will give them chance to talk every bit good as listen to their equals speak. Reading- this portion will seek to develop reading accomplishments in the kids to read short and familiar work written on subjects they know. This will help in comprehension of texts which are read and assist convey intending to it. Writing- this will be with the purpose of composing in order to convey a message or thought. It will convey to utilize grammar and punctuation, every bit good as spellings. Evaluation Evaluation will be done on a regular footing through appraisals of the advancement the kids are doing. During the rating procedure each child’s different background and ability in English will be considered. These appraisals will be unwritten every bit good as including reading and authorship. Materials which are to be used for appraisal are age appropriate, maintaining in head differences in developmental age, for illustration some will be at a novice phase and necessitating highly simplified stuff. Evaluation will be conducted based on the advancement the kid has made from the initial baseline appraisal conducted, which will demo in true light how much she has gained from the proficiency plan. Language appraisal will be conducted in a 1 on one footing so as to estimate in a better organize how much advancement the kid has really made. ORGANIZATION DESCRIPTION Shree Barbhaya Orphanage For Hindu Girls was established in 1932 as per the wants of Shri Muljibhhai Barbhaya and his married woman Late Bai Harkorebai Barbhaya as mentioned in the will of Shri Muljibhai Barbhaya. The establishment became functional on 28ThursdayAugust 1932. In the last 80 old ages the orphanhood has served 472 misss who are either orphans or whose parents are incapacitated due to societal or economic grounds to take attention of their kids. This twelvemonth we have 29 pupils shacking in the establishment. While till the last academic twelvemonth we had merely school traveling kids shacking at the orphanhood, from this academic twelvemonth some of our kids who are now traveling to college besides stay at the orphanhood. Aims of the organisation To supply instruction to girl kids who are orphaned or whose parents are incapacitated to take attention of their kids To supply life accomplishments to kids that may assist them in hereafter To prepare the kids to go physically and mentally healthy and mature grownups To transfuse values like sharing, caring and uprightness We had three plans running till a decennary ago i.e. directing the kids to school, exposing the kids to kitchen work and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours family jobs and learning the kids embellishment and knitwork. Earlier, at times, the administration besides bore the matrimony disbursal of the misss to assist them settle down in a good household. With altering times where adult females are playing a really active function in the broader society, the Trustees have bit by bit been presenting new plans that will fit the misss to stand on their ain pess and face the universe once they move out of the orphanhood, the focal point on English linguistic communication larning being one of them. The establishment is run chiefly by a board of legal guardians who oversee the administrative staff, viz. , the manager, an comptroller, an occupational healer who is presently the residential caretaker and the house female parents ( Thai, as the misss name them ) . The chief intent of the establishment in the present context is the instruction and holistic development of the kids who are enrolled and live here. The legal guardian board and disposal has made a figure of steps in order to run into this aim. Apart from school, the misss have group tuitions every bit good as voluntaries that come assist the weaker pupils. Children with acquisition disablements are assigned to particular pedagogues. Apart from instruction some of the activities our kids are engaged in are remedial categories for those with learning disablements, occupational therapy, computing machine preparation, dance categories and the similar. Plan BUDGET Our two beginnings of financess at Barbhaya are: 1 Income from investing 2 Contributions from persons and trusts It is the good will of the givers that has helped us continue giving quality attention and instruction to our kids over such a long period of 80 old ages in malice of gyrating monetary values. The disbursals to be incurred during the proposed undertaking period are described below. Non repeating budget Commodity Measure Sum Note books 29 pieces x Rs.60 Rs.1,740 Chart documents 10 nos. x Rs.8 Rs.80 Stationery ( pens, pigments, crayons, study pens, etc. ) Rs.2,000 Learning resources ( games, playthings, etc. ) Rs.3,000 Assorted disbursals Rs.3,180 Entire cost Rs.10,000 Recuring budget Forces Requirement Salary Undertaking Coordinator A stipend of Rs.6,500 per month- 10 ten Rs.6,000 Rs.65,000 Entire Cost Rs.65,000 Undertaking Coordinator: Mrs. Vibhuti Desai, ex-Principal, M. M. M. Girls High School The budget expected from the support organisation for a period of 10 months is Rs.75,000 merely. Outgo that may originate apart from this will be accounted for by the orphanhood.

Capcakes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capcakes - Essay Example In order to open the cafà ©, the first and foremost challenge in front of me is to identify the cost of making the plan of "Yammay Cupcake† cafà ©. I intend to start the business with US $24,000. I think about renting a small shop in the pearl land that I can acquire for US $800 per month. It is a new luxury mall, in a luxury area in Qatar surrounded by many offices and a park. I can guarantee that my customers will be employees, who will visit my cafà © in their break time. Also, the families, especially kids in the park will make potential customers. I plan the location of "Yammay Cupcake" in such a way so that it will make the nearest cupcake cafà © for the offices and the park. Also, I think I shall sell coffee, juices and lollipop cakes for the children. The fundamental ingredients for most of the desserts will be flour, sugar, oil, cream, natural cooking colors and chocolate. All of them can easily be purchased from a famous market in the locality. I intend to import ingredients for the cakes’ decoration from USA, for I know a good decoration shop in USA, that sells good decoration material for the cupcakes for little cost. That shop is IKEA. Its stores are available in many countries, though those in USA are accoutered with the most beautiful decoration material. I can tell this because I had visited the IKEA stores in Dubai and the decoration there was not like what I had seen in the stores in USA. I talked to the manager in the Dubai store. He told me that he would help me import decoration material from the USA stores for a fee of $150. I shall take all the equipment from a specialized shop that sold excellent equipment for cooking and coffee. The shops owner is my uncle. He will give me a good deal, and it will cost around US $2500 after discount. The culture of Qatar is polychronic. Duty is more important time. So I chose â€Å"Yammay Cupcake" cafà © as my first business. I have many reasons for doing so.

Thunder Heart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Thunder Heart - Essay Example Whose City†. The effects of social networking in urban environments for young adults, like the ones seen in the film, can have negative results attributed to them, especially in urban neighborhoods. As seen in the film, young adults would go out to neighborhood hangouts, like a bar or club, to meet people and dance. Such activities can be fun but also be misleading. As seen in the movie, the two young ladies, Maria and Blanca, went to a club just to dance and hangout. They happen to meet some guys who appear to be harmless and a friendship arises. As the friends begin to see each other more often they begin to learn more about one another. This is where misleading networking plays a role. One of the guys met at the bar happens to have associates within a drug ring and is tied to drug smuggling. Soon after, Maria and Blanca become smugglers for their new friends associates. Had the two girls not tried to network with others at the bar they might have evaded this ultimate outcome. Therefore, the n egative effect of social networking in these kinds environments is that people may seem to be one thing but are something quite different. In areas where drug trade is openly visible and common, like the setting in Columbia, social networking can be dangerous. This danger can also be associated in context with control of the urban cities. The danger associated to urban cities is the means of one’s sacrifices for survival. In deprived cities, like the one in the film, money is the most admired commodity. In areas where plantations and industries thrive, workers and laborers certainly do not share the profits attained by these businesses. Workers wages do not meet the bar for providing for their family and ones own personal needs therefore the danger of the drug trade looms. Drug distribution is highly recognized and sought after due to the large

Innovativeness according to company size Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovativeness according to company size - Essay Example panies, all employees contribute, which ensures that there are no freeloaders and slackers, which can be combined with rewards for the best innovators. In small companies, it is also easier to identify, utilize, and nourish innovative talent. Since it easier to recognize creative talent at smaller companies, it is easier to motivate them. Finally, small company founders are more accessible and can talk constantly about objectives of innovation, which helps them hammer home the message (Leifer, 2009). Big companies also have advantages when it comes to innovation. First, creation of new categories of products is the best way to achieve total control of innovations and, as such, only the big companies like Google and Apple have the capital to do so (Leifer, 2009). Secondly, big companies are able to do better in the international market place where innovation has now shifted. Larger companies also possess the scale for them to deal with big problems such as the environment, healthcare, and education where a lot of innovation is taking place. These big companies also possess the resources to attract and retain the best talent. In addition, some of the big companies presently had grown from small companies at a ferocious pace and remembered their roots. Finally, these companies have learnt to be more nimble and porous (Leifer, 2009). Current trends in America and Western Europe have seen legislation of new patent laws that mark a fundamental change in patent protection to first-to-file rules and away from first-to-file (Cohen & Merill, 2011). This shift favors the bigger companies that possess resources for broad research and increased capabilities. These companies can file patents faster compared to smaller companies without funds, and thus, no way to protect their inventions. Most small entrepreneurs initially did not take filing of patents, as a priority and especially not before fundraising since they knew that they had an invention and had a way of proving it.

Objectives And Responsibilities Of The Hilton Hotels Group Tourism Essay

Objectives And Responsibilities Of The Hilton Hotels Group Tourism Essay Chapter 1 Hilton Hotels in groups UK is known as one of the leading hotel group in the world. The Hilton Hotels group was found with its very first hotel established by Mr. Conrad in 1919 in Cisco, Texas. But, today the Hilton Hotels group has expanded geographically, produced original hotel and travel concepts, and developed modern technologies to enhance the experiences of the valuable guests. Today, it consists of more than 3600 hotels all over the world also with nearly 500,000 luxurious rooms in 81 countries with the continuously growing crew of over 135,000 members internationally (Hilton Hotels, 2011). Depending on that, it is clear and it was proven that the Hilton Hotels group has the capability of satisfying the interest of their customers as well as their stake holders. The Hilton Hotels consists of well reputed and highest quality popular brands with in their group such as, Hilton Conrad hotels and resorts, double tree by Hilton, Hampton inn by Hilton, Hilton garden inn, Hilton Grand vacations and home woods suites by Hilton and Waldorf Astoria collection. The whole Hilton Hotels group is running adherence to the Mr. Conrad Hiltons philosophy, the vision of the hotel Hilton Hotels group is To fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality (Hilton Hotels, 2011). Accordingly, the Hilton Hotels group believes it is their insight to convey the message of kindness and generosity all over the world, simply known as hospitability. According to the core values of the Hilton Hotels group, their brand name HILTON stands for, H HOSPITALITY   We are passionate about delivering exceptional guest experiences. I INTEGRITY   We do the right thing, all the time. L LEADERSHIP   We are leaders in our industry and in our communities. T TEAMWORK   We are team players in everything we do. O OWNERSHIP   We are the owners of our actions and decisions. N NOW   We operate with a sense of urgency and discipline (Hilton Hotels, 2011). At present, Hilton worldwide can be considered as one of the leading global hospitality company, crossing over the accommodation sector from luxurious full-service hotels and resorts to extended-stay suites and mid-priced hotels. The Hilton Hotels group is operated as an innovative and dynamic company which is mainly focused on administrating their business operations following the eco-friendly concepts and also with the services to the global community and enhancing the guest experience. Since the foundation formed by Mr. Conrad Hilton 90 years ago, Hiltons commitment to creating exceptional guest experiences still remains unaltered, and our more than 130,000 team members continue to bring the highest quality of service to the global visitors also achieving the interests of the stake holders with the mission of We will be the preeminent global hospitality company the first choice of guests, team members and owners alike (Hilton Hotels, 2011). 1.2 Groups of stakeholder and achieving their objectives Stakeholder can be considered as a person or people who have a stake also known as share in a particular organization or system. Stakeholders can be groups of people, organisations, institutions and sometimes even individuals. Sometimes the terms either actors or interest groups are used to describe the term stake holders. Accordingly, the word actor emphasizes that stakeholders are active in order to make interactions with each other. The use of the words interest group suggests that people can be grouped to achieve common goal. In some occasions, stake holder can be identified as a corporate  stakeholder, a party that may have the potential to affect or be affected by the actions of the business as a whole. This concept was first used in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research institute. It defined stakeholders as those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist (Grimble and Wellard, 1997). The theory was presently developed by  R. Edward Freeman  in the 1980s. Since then it has gained wide acceptance in business practice and in theorizing relating to  strategic management,  corporate governance,  business purpose  and  CSR together. Stakeholders can be found at any level or position in society, from the international to the national, regional, household or intra-household level. It is clear that, stakeholders may include all the people who affect and may get affected by the policies, decisions or actions within a particular system or an organization. Referring to the Hilton Hotels group, the stake holders can be identified at three major levels depending on their institutional levels. Local National Global or International Locally, the Hilton Hotel group is a business which is based on the ancient cultural environments as well as the aesthetic beauty in the country encouraging their customers as well as their stakeholders to incorporate those things to their beings. Therefore, it is clear that Hilton Hotel is being achieved the objectives of their local stakeholders objectives at a satisfactory level. Nationally, the Hilton hotels group is known as a business which is mainly focussed on the development of tourism in UK. By providing the lodging facilities by enhancing the customer experiences on travelling through their branded partners such as Hilton Conrad hotels and resorts, double tree by Hilton, Hampton inn by Hilton they have achieved their objective of development of tourism commercially in order to achieve their national stake holders objectives. Statistically it is proven that, the Hilton Hotels group consists of more than three hundred hotels all over the world also with nearly 500,000 luxurious rooms in 80 countries with the crew of over 135,000 members internationally (Hilton Hotels, 2011) and the group is still expanding all over the world. Therefore, the contribution of the international investors may lie at a higher level referring to that statistics. Because of that, it can be concluded that the Hilton Hotel group is being achieving their International Stake holders objectives. 1.3 The key responsibilities of the hotel group and the strategies The key responsibilities that should be possessed by the Hilton Hotel group can be divided in to three major dimensions. The Customer Dimension The Employee Dimension Internal process and financial dimensions The Customer Dimension consists of increment of the market shares, guest satisfaction, improve the customers profitability, increased the awareness of brand name and the increment of the MICE conversion rate. At present, Hilton Hotels group is incorporated with several partners all over the world such as double tree by Hilton, Hampton inn by Hilton. Therefore, the Hilton Hotel has got the potential to establish as the market leader. At past few decades, Hilton Hotels market revenue index increased from 104% to 106% and customer retention has increased Customer retention increased 6% to 56% (Balanced Scorecard Collaborative Hall of Fame Case Study on Hilton Hotels Corporation, 2003). The employee dimension may include, adherence to recruitment procedures, conducting training and development programs completion of the performance appraisals, control of the staff turnover and control the payroll as % of turnover. Proper management of human resources with the incorporation of employees are may be the strategy behind the achievement of these targets. Reservations efficiency, improved check-in efficiency, time and motion cleaning of rooms, food beverage cost efficiency, and control property maintenance may be the responsibilities that can be taken under the internal process dimensions. Increment of average room rate and revenue per available room, increment of non-room revenue, proper management of variable cost and reduction of fixed cost can be considered under financial dimension of responsibilities. At past few decades, RevPAR of Hilton Hotels has been increased by 2.7% (Balanced Scorecard Collaborative Hall of Fame Case Study on Hilton Hotels Corporation, 2003). Chapter 2 Economic, Social and Global Environment 2.1 Planned and mixed economic systems and impacts Planned economy is an  economic system  in which the  government  directs the whole  economy of a country.  This economic system is driven by the central government and it may control and makes critical decisions regarding the production and supply of goods and services. The planners may decide what should be done regarding the production process and hoe to direct lower-level enterprises to produce those goods in collaboration with national and social objectives. Under the planned economy, state sector may involve in the environmental protection, maintenance of the standards of the employments and maintenance of competition and also the economic planning. Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, many governments of different countries, commanding over planned economies began deregulating. For an example, after fragmentation of the Soviet Union the economy is being moving towards the market-based economies by allowing the private sector to make the pricing for goods and services, production, and distribution decisions. Although most economies today are  market economies  or  mixed economies. Examples for the countries for the existence of planned economies are as  Cuba,  Libya,  North Korea,  Saudi Arabia, and  Myanmar ( Brabant and Jozef , 1991). Considering the impacts of the planned economy on Hilton Hotels group, there may be a regulation of the production and services according to the decision which are made from the government. Accordingly, there may be economic barriers for the foreign investors and stake holders to invest their properties in relation to the hotel industry. This may negatively affect on the Hilton Hotels group also. In contrast the mixed economy reflecting the features of both socialism and capitalism. In some occasions, it is also known as balanced economy. It is described as market economies with strong lapses, in addition to containing various government sponsored aspects. It is believed the term mixed economy should include the degree of private economic freedom mixed with a degree of government regulation process of markets. Countries may differ in relation to the relative weakness of each component. For an example, economies which are ranging from US to Cuba have been identified as mixed economies. The economic freedom may include individual freedom, economic efficiency and also the incentives to innovation provided by competition. When considering the Hilton Hotels group, individual competition may be very important between the partners to improve their capabilities in marketing. For an example, if there is a competition between Hilton Conrad hotels and resorts and Hampton inn Hilton, the separate partners may tend to improve their marketing capabilities in order to increase their market shares. This may be beneficial for the Hilton Hotels as the mother company. On the other hand, some times the whole marketing process can be negatively affected by the individual competition. Referring the government side of the mixed economy, it may consists of several processes such as environmental protection, maintenance of the standards of the employments and maintenance of competition and also the centralized economic planning some situations. Those are the things that the private sector may not capable to address. Referring to the Hilton Hotels group, due to the environment protection policies implemented by the government, the marketing process can be affected. For an example, if the government is implementing an environmental policy restricting the private access to the places with an aesthetic beauty such as beaches and forests, if the hotel group rely on that places whole marketing process can be negatively affected. In contrast, the establishment of the centralized economic planning may generate positive results in the relation of Hilton Hotels, at marketing process. 2.2 Social welfare policy and industrial policy measures in the UK The United Kingdom can be considered as a unitary state in which central government considerably lead the most of the state activities. But, when considering the structure of some regions such as Scotland, Wales it differs in certain degrees. Each region occupies a secretary of state and administrative department located in central government, and its own congress and executive, which participate in the region of certain central state ministries. Accordingly, the laws which apply in Scotland and Northern Ireland may differ from those in England and Wales. This framework has been subjected to the frequent changes. The most critical changes in recent years have been the renovation of the department of social security into the department of work and pensions, the significant transfer of income maintenance to the HMRC and the flattening of the department of transport, the regions and local government, whose key social policy responsibilities were positioned in the office of the deputy prime minister and have now been resettled mainly into communities and local government. There are some main government departments which are dealing with social policy in the UK are, the ministry of justice, the department for education, the department of health and the Department for Communities and Local Government. Referring to the administration of the welfare, UK has undergone two major phases of modifications. The first phase was applied in for 1960s and 1970s, saw central government transformed in order to allow the planning and control of public expenditure by the treasury. The objectives of these changes were to improve the managerial efficiency and economic planning. The effect was the generation of a system in which the treasury allocated resources to departments, and departments to services. The second phase was taken place in has led in 1980s and 1990s to modify the structure of the civil service and the administration of welfare. It consists of three major elements viz., the change of administration  into agencies, the introduction of management and the formation of quasi markets. Due to that implementation of social welfare policies, the hotel field can be affected in several ways. Formation of new laws regarding to the economy and welfare, management there were some barriers against the growing of the company. That may negatively affect on the Hilton Hotels group. Referring to the industrial policies in UK, multi- sector industrial policy is critical. Current mainstream economic thinking believes that industrial policy is ineffective, and that market forces should determine the fortunes of companies and industries. In the credit crisis, however, the UK state and most other governments felt obliged to step in. They established a  de facto  industrial policy strongly favouring the financial sector, at the expense of the rest of the economy. Consequently, the part of the economy that did not fail, was left playing by the old free-market rules, heavily penalised by austerity measures implemented to reduce the budget deficit. For the UK, there are a number of problems with the theory and practice of this approach. First, SMEs which provide majority of UK private sector employment are starved of credit despite Government entreaties for banks to lend more. This may be acts as a negative impact on the growth of the hotel industry, with no end in sight. Similar way, the private capital concentration in the shadow-banking sector remains surprisingly high, and may lead to volatility and crises in the non-banking sector. Finally, some of the UKs competitors, such as China and Korea, already have successful, multi-sector industrial strategies. 2.3 Impact of macroeconomic policy measures in the UK and US The belief that economic growth requires sound macroeconomic policy is a central element of in relation to the development. Even those questioning about that it may be possible to believe that macroeconomic stability is a precondition for successful economic development. At the broadest level, the macroeconomic stability of East Asian countries between the early 1960s and the late 1990s could help to explain why East Asian countries have sustained high growth rates. In contrast, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have endured a painful combination of macroeconomic disarray and slow growth. As most economists would expect, improper management of macro economy could explain not only slow growth, but also why some developing countries have become heavily in obligated. Even if slow growth is attributed to problems with external arrears, the origins of a debt crisis can typically be traced back to policy decisions. Easterly (2002) finds that the group of the HIPCs had worse macroeconomic policies over 1980-97 than other developing countries, even after controlling for income levels. At present, the global economy has deteriorated rapidly and faced with a synchronised recession in most of the worlds major economies. These developments will have a reflective impact on the UK economy and raise the prospects of an especially severe downturn. The source of the current recession can be traced to the unsustainable rises in lending, bond, equity and house prices and compression of risk that have been evident since the start of decade across many developed economies also common for both US and UK. As poor as economic prospects currently are the situation is being getting worse without the various policy initiatives that have been adopted. For example, the Bank recapitalization scheme has clearly helped to avoid a collapse of the UK financial sector. Therefore, those factors can be generating adverse effects on many industries especially in the hotel industry. Chapter 3 Behaviour of organisations and the market environment 3.1 Shortcomings of market models relevant to the hotel group Market model can be identified as a mathematical representation of the interactions among various participants in the market, variety of economic forces, and variety of choices made during the process of marketing. There are number of market models are used to explain or predict the behaviour of one or more aspects of a market. In the framework of the securities market, for example, one model may used to express the outcome on a particular portfolio and how it can be maximized. When considering the hotel industry, there are several types of market models can be identified such as future orientation model, results managing model , proactive approach and the on going process model. Referring to the future orientation model, strategic management implies a future-oriented decision-making process. The objective of this model is to act now in order to survive and improve performance in the future. This can be implemented as 5-10 years year plans. As a fundamental, this model can be identified as an attempt to set future-oriented objectives, to predict and assess future trends in the organisations environment and to devise means to ensure meeting the objectives. According to this model, it may be difficult to predict some market trends due to the unexpected situations. For an example natural disasters may create different market trends. This may be the major draw back of this model. Considering the on going process, the responsibility of the marketing process lies clearly with top management. Their support and commitment is a requirement for both the design and application of any strategic plan. Furthermore, managing strategically implies a distinct way of managing organisations, i.e. not sporadic efforts to solve problems, but rather a logical framework for perceiving and managing organisations and their environments. The major draw back of this method is it may be difficult to pre identify the failures of the marketing system and trends before it happens. 3.2 Impact by the different factors Supply and demand play an important role in the marketing process. There should be a balance between demand and supply in terms of achieving the goals of marketing. When considering those factors such as income, price, weather and substitutes can create both positive and negative impacts on the hotel industry. For an example, status of the personal income can be directly affected on the demand. Because, low income people may prefer to use facilities at low level hotel industry, while high income group prefer higher standards. Price of the good and services can be generated by the costs plus profit margin of an organization. Therefore, if the industry is not going to use proper cross cutting methods and value addition techniques, the prices may increase. It may affect on the accessibility of that goods or service. Especially in the hotel industry this can be a great issue. Weather also can be generated both positive and negative effects on the demand. If the customers are well interested in travelling and they are willing to enjoy the aesthetic beauty bad weather may lead to problems. This also can be affected on demand. Substitution may lead the customers away from the loyalty. If the service is available at higher quality at cheaper price they may tend to purchase that one instead of earlier service. Considering the above facts, it can be concluded that, managing those factors is critical for the hotel industry. 3.3 Competitive strategies in the UK Competitiveness is defined as the only complete indicator that defines the concept of competitiveness at a national level is national productivity (Porter, 1990). The current situation manifested by globalization and the increasing recognition of interrelations has imposed new rules of conduct: the prosperity of nations is based on competitiveness on international markets, and that of enterprises, on the integration in the worldwide value chains. Because of that, the competitiveness has become a major issue for all the actors in economy, from the regional level to the organizational level. Therefore, it is clear that importance of implementation of competitive strategies in relation to the marketing process. Considering the tourism as a business it is a sector in which the structure of supply is extremely volatile and the solid and reliable part is the demand. Tourism can be exists for various reasons such as pleasure, business etc. People may want to travel and are willing to spend money; consequently, they may generate demand for tourism products and services. Thus, the decision to travel precedes the acts of consumption (Keller, 2005). The key to attracting and making clients loyal is offering a remarkable experience and not just lodgings; hotel chains innovate to create a unique environment, from hotel rooms to lobbies and the restaurant. Thus, changes in the design of Marriott restaurants and in the menus so as to reflect the particularities of different regions have lead to up to 50% increases in sales recorded in rapport to the number of rooms occupied (Hotels, 2004). In company with innovation, technology also can be considered as an important strategic asset that allows hotel chains to improve their performance and competitiveness. On a global scale, the role of technology in strengthening the competitive advantage of a hotel is recognized, hence its contribution to the hotels success (Nyheim, 2004). Since the hospitality industry, as any other branch of services, is capital intensive, human resources may represent a source of competitive advantage for a company. Failite Ireland (2005) , in the research conducted among 3, 4 and 5 star hotels in Dublin to analyze successful practices in hotels underline the fact that the industry depends on the know-how of personnel, of the knowledge and understanding of the clients requirements that would make the client feel at home. By considering the above facts, it is clear that hotel industry should follow competitive strategies to survive in the market. Chapter 4 International trade and the European dimension 4.1 Pros and cons of trade between the UK and other countries Because of the rapid development of the international relationship between countries, Globalization process can be considered as critical in the marketing process. Therefore, globalization process may have the capabilities of generating both positive and negative effects on trade referring to the hotel industry. Considering the positive effects, the hotel groups can trade in the working force from the countries at a cheaper price where the working force is available at lower cost. This may lead to cutting their additional cost in relation to human resources and beneficial for the hospitality industry. Through the strong international relationship, the hotel groups reputation can be published and marketed. This may lead to bring in foreign investors to the country who may have the capabilities of investment for hotel industry as well as for the other industries. Referring to the negative points of international trade, increased job insecurity of workers may play a critical role. When the industry is demanding the working force at a lower price, the workers may not survive unless they provide their services at that lower price. Except that, the uniqueness of the culture of the country can be affected through the globalization referring to the international trade. Especially, through the development of the hospitality industry there may be a tendency to develop a globalized sub culture based on the tourism. This may lead to interfere with the uniqueness of the original culture in the country. 4.2 The impact of European Union policies on UK organisations and the hotel group The  EU can be identified as is  economic  and  political union  of 27  member states  which are located primarily in Europe. The EU was originated from the  European Coal and Steel Community  and the  European Economic formed by  six countries  in the 1950s. At present, the EU has grown in size by  the appointment of new member states, and in power by the addition of policy areas to its responsibilities. The Maastricht Treaty  established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The last modification to the constitution of the EU, the  Treaty of Lisbon, joined with the EU in 2009. EU member states keep all powers not openly handed to the Union. In some areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence. These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to endorse legislation. In other areas the EU and its member states share the competence to legislate. While both can legislate, member states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not. In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but cannot endorse legislation with the aim of incorporating national laws. Under the exclusive competence it states that The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act. Accordingly the monetary policy for the member is established as Euro. Not only that, the establishment of the competition rules for the internal market has been adopted. Those things can generate both positive and negative impacts on the hotel groups. Considering the supporting competence it states that The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States actions in. Referring to that, industries, culture as well as the tourism are being regulated. This also can create positive and negative impacts on hotel group. 4.3 EMU and the economy of UK The  term Economic and Monetary Union  is used as a  collective term  for the group of policies aimed at meet the economies of members of the  European Union  in three stages so as to allow them to adopt a single currency, the  euro. All members of the  EU are expected to participate in the EMU. The implication of UK becoming a member of EMU can be explained as both positive and negative impacts. For an example it is clear that, Exchange rate on locking with the Euro regarding the members as well as for UK. It may improve the stability of the value of the money against the inflation. On the other way, it may negatively affect on foreign investors. Similarly, some policies implemented by the EMU may also affect both negatively and positively on the industries. Chapter 5 Conclusion Referring to the mission, core values and key objectives of the Hilton Hotels group as a worldwide business it is clear that the objectives are being achieved up to the satisfactory level. Though the impacts of the sudden changes in the business environment, still the Hilton Hotels group has been survived in their business of hospitality with the proven capabilities in successful marketing. But, when considering the market modelling marketing mix modelling is being a developing trend at innovative marketing strategies.MMM means the use of statistical analysis such as  multivariate  regressions  on sales and marketing  time series  data to estimate the impact of various marketing  tactics on sales and then predict the impact of future sets of strategies. It is often used to optimize advertising mix and promotional tactics with respect to sales revenue or profit. Therefore, implementation of MMM on Hilton Hotels group may improve the trustworthiness as a marketing tool among its major rival companies.